Browsing all articles in Clinical
Nowadays, many health issues are being caused because of viral infection. One such health issue caused due to virus is warts. Warts are small growths caused in the skin by viral infection. The virus is known to infect the surface layer of the skin and this virus is regarded as the member of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) family.
Warts are communicable from one part of the body to another part of the body and from one person to another as well. So, if any of the family member suffer from this health issue, the others should be careful. The warts can broadly be classified into four major categories; they are common warts, foot warts, flat warts and genital warts.
Some of the warts symptoms are as follows:
Effect, HPV, Infection, Medication, Skin Disease, Symptoms, Treatment, Viral Infection, Virus, Warts
Synopsis of Important Principles
- Critical illnesses are often associated with circulatory, respiratory, hepatic and/or renal dysfunction that may alter the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of drugs.
- Decisions about routes of administration and doses of drugs used during medical emergencies must consider the physiological status of the patient, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular drug, and how the two interact.
- Adverse drug reactions and interactions are more likely in critically ill patients due to the effect of the disease on drug kinetics, the decreased toxic-therapeutic ratio due to severe underlying illness, and the large number of medications that such patients receive. Adverse reactions to drugs should be considered when unexplained deterioration or failure to respond to therapy are encountered.
Blood, Critical Care, Critical Illness, Disease, Dosage, Drug, Effect, Glucose, Hypertension, Infection, Medical Emergencies, Medication, Respiratory, Syndrome, Therapeutic, Therapy, Toxic, Treatment
General Anaesthetic Agents
The mechanism by which anaesthetic drugs produce unconsciousness is still unknown. Meyer in 1899 and Overton in 1901 noted that within any group of drugs, anaesthetic potency correlates well with lipid solubility, and most modern theories agree that the site of action is probably the lipid bilayer of nerve cell membranes, or possibly a protein receptor in this situation, but further knowledge is limited.
Inhalational Agents
Anaesthetic practice is unique in that a high proportion of the drugs are administered by the inhalational route. Such agents must either be gaseous, or the vapour of volatile liquids (Various Authors 1984).
Of the original three inhalational agents – nitrous oxide, ether and chloroform – the first two are still used widely.
Anaesthetic, Blood, Cardiac, Coefficient, Drug, Effect, Muscle, Potency, Side Effects, Soluble, Therapy, Treatment
Synopsis of Important Principles
- The main aim of anaesthesia is the prevention of pain during surgery and at other times.
- Anaesthesia involves a balanced approach, in which the individual patient’s psyche and pathophysiology are taken into account and drugs are used to modify and control any aspect as required.
- The decision to use a particular drug or technique must be made after careful consideration of the pathophysiological features of the individual case and how these may affect the pharmacokinetic handling and tissue response to the drugs available.
- Any associated disease or pathophysiological abnormality should wherever possible be treated or corrected before operation, and potentially dangerous physiological disturbances avoided during and after anaesthesia.
- Anaesthetic drugs are relatively non-toxic but there are some important effects. Halothane is occasionally associated with hepatitis and methoxyflurane with kidney damage. Malignant hyperpyrexia, the aetiology of which is uncertain, is a rare but often fatal condition which can be triggered off by several anaesthetic drugs in genetically susceptible individuals.
Anaesthesia, Chronic Pain, Clinical, Disease, Dosage, Effect, Electrolyte, Kidney, Method, Oral, Pain, Respiratory, Risk, Severe, Surgery, Surgical, Therapy, Treatment
Cathartics and Enemas
Although the use of cathartics and enemas is traditional, these measures are most unlikely to reduce absorption since this usually occurs rapidly in the upper small intestine. They can only add to the misery and discomfort of the patient Efficacy in removal of drug has never been established. In one recent study, saline catharsis had no beneficial effect whatsoever on the absorption of aspirin taken with charcoal (Sketris et al. 1982).
Whole Gut Lavage
One situation where attempts to empty the bowel may be helpful is in poisoning with ’slow’ or ‘timed release’ formulations. The number of such preparations on the market is increasing and since they usually contain a much larger dose of drug than ordinary tablets, intoxication may be severe and prolonged.
Abdominal, Absorption, Aspirin, Bowel, Charcoal, Discomfort, Dose, Effect, Gastric, Ingestion, Intestine, Intoxication, Oral, Saline, Severe, Surgery, Tablet, Treatment
