Blood Pressure Tag's Archives
Pathophysiology of Circulatory Failure
Circulatory failure, or the inability of the heart to provide sufficient cardiac output to satisfy tissue metabolic requirements, is the most important and most common cause of altered pharmacokinetics during cardiac emergencies. Circulatory failure may result from decreased myocardial contractility, arrhythmias that allow insufficient time for diastolic filling or impair atrioventricular synchrony, circulatory stresses such as increased afterload or hypovolaemia, valvular dysfunction, tamponade, or a variety of less common insults.
Regardless of the aetiology, circulatory failure elicits characteristic compensatory haemodynamic adjustments, mediated in large part by activation of the sympathetic nervous system [Peniel & Benowitz 1984; Benowitz & Meister 1978]. Enhanced sympathetic tone increases cardiac contractility and peripheral vascular resistance, both of which serve to maintain arterial blood pressure. The increase in peripheral vascular resistance, however, is not uniform among different vascular beds.
Arterial, Blood Pressure, Cardiac, Circulatory, Dysfunction, Effect, Heart, Metabolism, Organs, Treatment
Dronabinol is generic drug name for Marinol , an Antinauseant type of drug. It is prescribed for treating several conditios :-
- Nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy,
- appetite stimulation and weight-loss prevention in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
General Information
- Dronabinol is a legal form of marijuana. The psychoactive chemical in marijuana is delta-9-THC. Dronabinol has all of the psychological effects of marijuana and is therefore considered to be a highly abusable drug.
- Dronabinol increases the effects of alcohol, sleeping pills, sedatives, and other depressants.
- Dronabinol also enhances the effects of psychoactive drugs including tricyclic antidepressants, amphetamines, cocaine, and other stimulants.
Adverse, AIDS, Anxiety, Appetite, Blood Pressure, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Complex, Confusion, Depression, Disease, Disorder, Drug, Effect, Glaucoma, Headache, Heart, Intense, Nausea, Oil, Panic, Potential, Psychological, Side Effects, Stimulants, Stimulation, Symptoms, Syndrome, Treatment, Vomit, Weight Loss
An Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor ( or ACE ) , Enalapril is commonly prescribe for treating several conditions :-
- Hypertension ( high blood pressure ),
- heart failure,
- diabetic kidney disease,
- and heart attack treatment ( when the function of the left ventricle has been affected),
- kidney failure,
- kidney hypertension,
- managing people with a high risk of heart disease,
- chronic kidney disease,
- preventing a second stroke.
General Information of the drug
- Enalapril begins working about 1 hour after you take it and continues to work for 24 hours.
- Enalapril maleate and other ACE inhibitors work by preventing the conversion of a hormone called ‘Angiotensin I‘ to another hormone called ‘Angiotensin II‘ , a potent blood-vessel constrictor. Preventing this conversion relaxes blood vessels, thus reducing blood pressure and relieving symptoms of heart failure.
- Enalapril also affects the production of other hormones and enzymes that participate in the regulation of blood-vessel dilation.
Cautions
- Enalapril occasionally causes very low blood pressure.
- Do not take enalapril if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. Severe sensitivity reactions can occur in hemodialysis patients taking enalapril or those undergoing venom immunization.
- Swelling of the face, extremities, or throat has been known to occur with enalapril, which can be dangerous (see below section on “Important Notes” ).
- Enalapril may affect your kidney function, especially if you have congestive heart failure. Your doctor should check your urine for protein content during the first few months of treatment. Dosage adjustment of enalapril is necessary if you have reduced kidney function.
- Enalapril can affect white-blood-cell counts, possibly increasing your susceptibility to infection. Your doctor should monitor your blood counts periodically.
- Enalapril may cause serious injury or death to the fetus if taken during pregnancy. Pregnant women should not take enalapril.
- ACE inhibitors may be less effective in some black patients with high blood pressure, especially when dietary salt intake is high. Nevertheless, they should still be considered useful blood pressure treatments. Swelling beneath the skin to form welts is more common among black patients.
How the Drug works ?
- Antacids and enalapril should be taken at least 2 hours apart.
- The blood-pressure-lowering effect of enalapril is additive with diuretic drugs and beta blockers. Any other drug that causes a rapid drop in blood pressure should be used with caution if you are taking enalapril.
- Enalapril may increase the effects of lithium; this combination should be used with caution.
- Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the blood-pressure-lowering effects of enalapril and other ACE inhibitors. The combination may cause reductions in kidney function.
- Enalapril may increase blood-potassium levels, especially when taken with dyazide or other potassium-sparing diuretics.
- Capsaicin may trigger or aggravate the cough associated with enalapril therapy.
- Rifampin may reduce the effects of enalapril.
- The combination of allopurinol and enalapril increases the chance of side effects. Avoid this combination as severe sensitivity reactions can occur in those taking allopurinol.
- Enalapril affects blood levels of digoxin. More digoxin in the blood increases the chance of digoxin-related side effects, while less digoxin in the blood can compromise its effectiveness.
- Indomethacin may reduce the blood-pressure-lowering effects of enalapril.
- Phenothiazine sedatives and antiemetics may increase the effects of enalapril.
Important Note
- Enalapril can cause swelling of the face, lips, hands, or feet. This swelling can also affect the larynx (throat) or tongue and interfere with breathing. If this happens, go to a hospital emergency room at once.
- Call your doctor if you develop a sore throat, mouth sores, abnormal heartbeat, chest pain, persistent rash, or loss of taste perception.
- Some people who start taking enalapril after they are already on a diuretic (an agent that increases urination) could experience a rapid drop in blood pressure after their first doses or when their dosage is increased. To prevent this from happening, inform your doctor before hand ( that you are taking diuretic ) , as your doctor may tell you to stop taking your diuretic 2 or 3 days before starting enalapril or to increase your salt intake during that time. Upon your doctor advise, you may then restart on taking diuretic gradually.
- You may get dizzy if you rise to your feet too quickly from a sitting or lying position when taking enalapril.
- Avoid strenuous exercise or very hot weather because heavy sweating or dehydration can cause a rapid drop in blood pressure.
- While taking enalapril, avoid over-the-counter diet pills, decongestants, and other stimulants that can raise blood pressure.
- Do not take potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium without consulting your doctor.
- Never take a double dose. If you take enalapril once a day and forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is within 8 hours of your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. If you take enalapril twice a day and miss a dose, take it right away. If it is within 4 hours of your next dose, take 1 dose immediately and another in 5 or 6 hours, then go back to your regular schedule.
Possible Side Effects
Refers to Side Effects on Lexxel Drug , as these drugs works in combination in most treatments condition. However, if you experience unusual effects, do consult your doctor for advise.
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding period :
- ACE inhibitors can cause fetal injury or death. Women who are or might become pregnant should not take ACE inhibitors.
- Sexually active women of childbearing age who must take enalapril must use an effective contraceptive method to prevent pregnancy.
- If you become pregnant, stop taking the medication and call your doctor immediately.
- Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula as small amounts of enalapril pass into breast milk.
For Seniors who needs to take this drug :-
Seniors may be more sensitive to the effects of enalapril drug due to age-related losses in kidney or liver function.
Blood Pressure, Blood Vessel, Chronic, Congestive, Disease, Enzyme, Heart, Heart Failure, Hormone, Hypertension, Infection, Inflammatory, Inhibitors, Kidney, Liver, Pain, Potassium, Pregnancy, Protein, Skin, Stroke, Supplements, Symptoms, Therapy, Treatment
