Another way to prevent cravings and stick to a healthy diet is to eat an assortment of smaller meals throughout the day. On top of a healthy breakfast eating small, healthy meals throughout the day will keep your energy levels up and your metabolism in good shape. This is a great tip for those that work long hours and have a hectic schedule as they don’t have the time needed to sit down and enjoy a wholesome and hearty meal, and if they did they would risk indigestion by rushing.


Fruits and vegetables are of course the foundation of a healthy diet, not only are they low in calories and nutrient dense, they are also jam packed with an assortment of much-needed vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fibre.

Fruits and vegetables should be part of every diet and should be added to every meal. Both fruit and dried fruit is also a great first choice for a snack and everyone should aim to eat a minimum of five portions of fruit and vegetables every day. The antioxidants and other nutrients in fruits and vegetables are endless and help to combat a variety of ailments and also protect against certain types of cancer and other diseases.

When doing your weekly shop, be sure to invest in the brighter and deeper coloured fruits and vegetables as these house higher concentrations of minerals, antioxidants and vitamins and also provide a variety of benefits.

Greens, fruit and sweet vegetables are great health food options and each has endless health benefits. Try and invest in freshly grown produce or organic types, farmers markets are great places to look when trying to source any of the above.

You could also visit a health retailer and browse their selection of vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements such as vitamin D, digestive aids and antioxidants.

Circulatory failure, or the inability of the heart to provide sufficient cardiac output to sat­isfy tissue metabolic requirements, is the most important and most common cause of altered pharmacokinetics during cardiac emergencies. Circulatory failure may result from decreased myocardial contractility, arrhythmias that allow insufficient time for diastolic filling or impair atrioventricular synchrony, circulatory stresses such as increased afterload or hypovolaemia, valvular dysfunction, tamponade, or a variety of less common insults.

Regardless of the aetiology, circulatory fail­ure elicits characteristic compensatory haemodynamic adjustments, mediated in large part by activation of the sympathetic nervous system [Peniel & Benowitz 1984; Benowitz & Meister 1978]. Enhanced sympathetic tone in­creases cardiac contractility and peripheral vas­cular resistance, both of which serve to main­tain arterial blood pressure. The increase in peripheral vascular resistance, however, is not uniform among different vascular beds.

Organs with high metabolic requirements such as the heart and brain exhibit autoregulation; despite sympathetic stimulation, the vessels in these or­gans remain relatively vasodilated as a result of the local effects of hypoxia, lactic acid or other products of anaerobic metabolism that accu­mulate when organ perfusion is reduced. Blood flow to the heart and brain tends to be pre­served, while vasoconstriction decreases blood flow in other organs such as the skin, muscles, and splanchnic organs.

Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is severely compromised; in humans the mean arterial pressure is less than 50% of normal (Chandra et al. 1981; McDonald 1981), and cardiac output in dogs is less than 30% of normal (Vorhees et al. 1980). Haemodynamic measurements are difficult to obtain in patients during CPR, but animal data suggest that changes in blood flow distribution are qualitatively similar to those observed with circulatory failure and spontaneous circulation.

Blood flow during CPR in anaesthetised, electrically fibrillated dogs is reduced to all organs, but is least reduced to the brain and next least to the heart (Vorhees et al. 1980). For the purpose of pharmacokinetic considerations, CPR and circulatory failure with spontaneous circulation can be considered to be similar, in that total cardiac output is reduced and the pattern of blood redistribution during promptly initiated CPR resembles that seen in circulatory failure.