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Medical LabThe idea that drug concentrations could be measured and used to guide therapeutic deci­sions was first applied to quinidine when it was used to convert the cardiac rhythm of patients with atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm (Sokolow & Ball 1956).

Although quinidine is rarely used for this purpose today, because of the advent of DC cardioversion, this study is still almost unique because it defined a target concentration based upon both the probability of therapeutic success and of toxicity.